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| Zebrafish and Cancer: What's the Connection? |
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SPEAKER:
Nancy Hopkins
Amgen, Inc. Professor of Biology
Member, MIT Center for Cancer Research
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ABOUT THE LECTURE:
Through her rapport with the zebrafish, Nancy Hopkins has made large contributions to the fields of developmental biology and cancer research. But her model organism, and to some degree her particular slant on molecular biology, were a matter of serendipity, as she relates to this MIT Museum audience.
When Hopkins was 10, her mother developed a form of mild cancer, terrifying to her, but also a catalyst for her interest in medical research. Later in college, after a lecture about DNA by James Watson, Hopkins realized that “the secret of life was being placed in front of you, that molecular biology someday had the potential to explain everything worth knowing: the meaning of life, why I looked like my mother...”
After obtaining a Ph.D. in molecular biology, Hopkins was determined to enter the field of cancer research, although colleagues warned it would be the “end of my career.” Fortunately for her, Richard Nixon was just as energized about finding cures for cancer, and poured money into the field. Even better, scientists had begun to make some key discoveries about the source of some cancers. After years working on viruses and oncogenes, Hopkins “thought it would be fun to move on to something else.” On sabbatical in Germany to study the genetics of behavior, she encountered zebrafish in her colleague’s lab. The evolution of the zebrafish from fertilized egg to adult occurs in five days, and Hopkins found it a perfect subject for studying an organism’s early development.
In her own words, she came back to MIT completely obsessed with finding all the genes “that make things work properly” in the zebrafish. After years of painstaking study, Hopkins and her team figured out how to remove one gene at a time from the zebrafish (with its 20,000-25,000 genes), in order to understand what those genes did. She built 4,200 fish tanks with almost 100 thousand fish, and ended up with 550 mutant lines of fish.
Then “a funny thing happened to bring me back to cancer,” says Hopkins. A lab assistant noticed some fish were developing tumors. She screened 17 mutant lines and found a family of cancer genes that appeared comparable to a group of human cancer genes. This discovery may explain the genetic basis for other human tumors.
As she continues work with her fish, Hopkins embraces new and faster technologies to accomplish genetic screens, as well as better detection and imaging capability. “I look forward to the day when I can just sit at home and do experiments with existing data,” she says.
Download this video at Apple's iTunesU site
ABOUT THE SPEAKER:
Nancy Hopkins earned widespread recognition for cloning vertebrate developmental genes. Using a techniqe called insertional mutagenesis -- designed for such invertebrate animals as the fruit fly -- Hopkins's laboratory has cloned hundreds of genes that play a role in creating a viable fish embryo.
Hopkins' research earned her 1998 election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1999 election to the Institute of Medicine and 2004 election to the National Academy of Sciences. She speaks frequently about gender equity issues in science.
Hopkins obtained a B.A. from Radcliffe College in 1964 and a Ph.D. from the department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry at Harvard University in 1971.
Hopkins' Biology website
NOTES ON THE VIDEO (Time Index):
Video length is 58:17.
John Durant, Director of the MIT Museum, introduces Nancy Hopkins.
At 1:17, Hopkins begins.
At 28:29, after a video cut, Hopkins responds to a question, and then takes questions from the audience.
The information on this page was accurate as of the day the video was added to MIT World. This video was added to MIT World on 2006-11-06.
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